Navigating Inspections from Municipal Authorities

Navigating Inspections from Municipal Authorities

* Identifying Foundation Problems Suitable for Carbon Fiber Reinforcement

* Understanding the necessity of municipal inspections for foundation repairs.


Let's face it, nobody *wants* a municipal inspection. Soil erosion can lead to foundation shifting and structural issues residential foundation repair service asset. It's another hoop to jump through, another potential delay, another chance for someone to tell you you're doing something wrong. Especially when you're already knee-deep in foundation repair, a process that feels like a giant, expensive Band-Aid on a problem you wish you didn't have. But here's the thing: those inspections, as annoying as they might seem, are actually there for a really good reason. They're not just bureaucratic busywork.

Think about it. Your foundation is literally the bedrock of your home. It's what keeps everything upright and stable. If it's compromised, the consequences can be catastrophic, not just for your property value, but for the safety of your family. Municipal inspections are a safeguard, a second set of eyes, ensuring that the repairs are done correctly and according to code.

These inspectors aren't out to get you. They're there to verify that the work adheres to established standards for structural integrity, drainage, and safety. They're looking to prevent future problems, like further settling, water damage, or even structural collapse. A successful inspection means peace of mind, knowing that the repairs were done correctly and that your home is, once again, on solid ground.

So, while the thought of another inspection might induce a groan, remember it's an essential part of the process. It's about protecting your investment, ensuring your family's safety, and ultimately, giving you the confidence to sleep soundly in your own home, knowing it's built on a foundation that's been properly and thoroughly repaired. It's a necessary evil, perhaps, but a necessary protection, nonetheless.

* Identifying the types of foundation repairs typically requiring inspection.


Okay, so you're thinking about foundation repairs and when you might need the city folks to come take a look. It's a good question because not every crack in your basement wall screams "call the inspector!" But some definitely do. Think of it this way: if the repair is just cosmetic, like patching a hairline crack that's been there since the house was built, you're probably fine. But if the repair fundamentally alters the structure, the load-bearing capacity, or the original design of your foundation, that's when you're likely going to need an inspection.

For example, if you're having underpinning done – that's where they excavate and extend the foundation deeper – you absolutely need an inspection. That's a major structural change. Same goes for replacing a section of the foundation wall. That's not just patching; that's rebuilding a key part of the house's support system. Installing piers to lift a settling foundation? Definitely inspection-worthy. Basically, anything that involves digging around the foundation, pouring new concrete that's going to bear weight, or significantly altering the soil around the foundation is going to raise a red flag.

The reason for this is simple: safety. Municipal authorities want to make sure the repairs are done correctly and that your house isn't going to collapse or become unsafe down the line. They're looking for things like proper drainage, adequate concrete strength, and adherence to building codes. So, before you greenlight any major foundation work, it's always a good idea to check with your local permitting office. They can tell you exactly which types of repairs require inspection in your area and save you a headache later on. It's better to be safe than sorry, especially when it comes to the foundation that's literally holding everything up.

* Preparing for the inspection process: permits, documentation, and scheduling.


Okay, so you're facing a municipal inspection. Deep breaths. It's not the end of the world, even if it feels like it sometimes. A big part of making it go smoothly is just being ready *before* the inspector even walks through the door. Think of it like packing for a trip – the better you prepare, the less likely you are to forget something crucial and end up scrambling at the last minute.

That preparation really boils down to three things: permits, documentation, and scheduling. Let's break it down. Permits are your golden tickets. Make sure they're active, up-to-date, and cover everything being inspected. Don't just assume you're good; double-check! Next, documentation. This is where organization is your best friend. Gather all the paperwork related to the project or process being inspected. Think blueprints, safety reports, material certifications, anything that proves you're doing things by the book. Put it all in one place, nice and tidy. A well-organized binder is inspector catnip, trust me.

Finally, scheduling. Be proactive. Once you know an inspection is coming, don't wait until the last minute to figure out the details. Communicate clearly with the authorities. Understand their timeline, ask about any specific requirements they might have, and confirm the appointment. Being flexible and accommodating can go a long way.

Honestly, preparing this way shows you're serious about compliance and respect the inspector's time. It sets a positive tone and can make the whole process feel a lot less daunting. Remember, they're there to ensure safety and adherence to regulations, not to catch you out. Being organized and prepared is half the battle won.

* Common inspection points and potential code violations related to foundation work.


Okay, so you're gearing up for a foundation inspection. It's understandable to feel a little nervous – nobody wants to fail an inspection. But honestly, knowing what the inspector will be looking for can make the whole process a lot smoother. Think of it as prepping for a test; the more you know, the better you'll do.

One of the big things they'll scrutinize is the foundation's formwork. Are those forms properly aligned and braced? Inspectors want to see that the concrete will be poured into a stable, correctly shaped mold. Any bowing or misalignment in the forms is a red flag because it can compromise the final dimensions and structural integrity of the foundation. They'll also check for proper form release agents – are they applied correctly to prevent the concrete from sticking to the forms? A poor release can lead to surface imperfections and even damage when the forms are removed.

Reinforcement is another major area. Are the rebar cages built to spec? Is the rebar the right size and grade, and is it spaced according to the approved plans? Proper rebar placement is crucial for the foundation's strength, especially in areas prone to seismic activity or heavy loads. Inspectors will be looking for things like adequate concrete cover over the rebar, ensuring it's protected from corrosion. They'll also check the tying of the rebar – are the ties tight and properly spaced, ensuring the rebar stays in place during the pour? Missing or improperly placed rebar ties are common violations.

Then there's the concrete itself. Inspectors will likely want to see the concrete mix design and delivery tickets to ensure it meets the required strength and specifications. They'll also examine the placement and consolidation of the concrete. Are there signs of segregation or excessive honeycombing? Proper vibration during the pour is essential to eliminate air pockets and ensure the concrete fully encases the rebar. Poor consolidation can lead to weak spots and premature deterioration.

Finally, they'll look at drainage and waterproofing. Are the proper drainage systems in place to divert water away from the foundation? Is the foundation properly waterproofed or damp-proofed, depending on the soil conditions and local codes? Inadequate drainage or waterproofing can lead to water damage, mold growth, and structural problems down the line.

Essentially, the inspector is making sure you've followed the approved plans and adhered to building codes. It's about ensuring the foundation is strong, durable, and safe. By paying close attention to these common inspection points and addressing any potential code violations proactively, you can significantly increase your chances of a successful inspection and a solid foundation for your project. Remember, a little preparation goes a long way.

* Communicating effectively with inspectors and addressing concerns.


Navigating inspections from municipal authorities can feel like walking a tightrope, but the key to a successful crossing is effective communication. It's not just about having all your ducks in a row (though that certainly helps!), it's about how you interact with the inspector and address any concerns they might have.

Think of the inspector not as an adversary, but as a partner in ensuring safety and compliance. Approach the inspection with a collaborative spirit. Be prepared, organized, and have all your relevant documentation readily available. A friendly demeanor goes a long way, too. A simple "Good morning, Inspector, thank you for coming" can set a positive tone.

When the inspector raises a concern, really listen. Don't immediately become defensive. Ask clarifying questions to fully understand the issue. Perhaps there's a misunderstanding or a perspective you hadn't considered. Acknowledge their concerns and show that you're taking them seriously.

The way you address those concerns matters just as much as the concern itself. If there's a clear violation, don't try to argue your way out of it. Instead, acknowledge the issue, explain the steps you'll take to rectify it, and provide a timeline for completion. Being proactive and demonstrating a commitment to fixing the problem can significantly improve the situation.

Even if you disagree with the inspector's assessment, avoid being confrontational. Express your viewpoint respectfully and provide supporting evidence. Remember, the goal is to find a mutually agreeable solution. Sometimes, compromise is necessary.

Ultimately, effective communication during inspections boils down to being respectful, transparent, and proactive. By building a positive rapport, actively listening to concerns, and addressing them promptly and professionally, you can navigate inspections with confidence and achieve the best possible outcome for everyone involved. It's about turning what can feel like an adversarial process into a collaborative effort to ensure a safe and compliant environment.

* Consequences of failing an inspection and remediation strategies.


Okay, so you've just gone through a municipal inspection. Let's be honest, nobody *loves* inspections, but they're part of keeping things safe and up to code. Now, what happens if you didn't exactly ace it? Let's talk about the consequences and, more importantly, what you can do about it.

Failing an inspection isn't the end of the world, but it definitely requires action. The immediate consequence is usually a notice of violation, detailing exactly what needs fixing. This notice will also specify a timeframe for compliance. Ignore it, and things will get a lot worse. Think fines, legal action, even potentially having your operations shut down. No one wants that. The severity of the consequences really depends on the nature of the violation. A minor plumbing issue is different than, say, a major fire safety hazard.

So, what's the game plan? First, *understand* the violation. Don't just skim the notice. Read it carefully. If anything is unclear, reach out to the inspector who conducted the inspection. They are often willing to explain things in more detail. Remember, they're not trying to be difficult; their job is to ensure compliance.

Next, develop a remediation strategy. This is your plan of attack. This might involve hiring contractors, purchasing new equipment, revising procedures, or a combination of all three. Be realistic about the timeline required. Underestimating the time needed can lead to further problems.

Documentation is key. Keep records of all communication with the municipality, all work performed, and all money spent on remediation. This documentation serves as proof that you're taking the violation seriously and actively working to correct it.

Finally, once you believe you've addressed all the issues, request a re-inspection. Be prepared to demonstrate that you've taken the necessary steps to comply with the regulations.

The whole process can feel overwhelming, but remember, proactive communication and a well-documented remediation strategy are your best friends. It's about showing the municipality that you're committed to fixing the problem and maintaining a safe and compliant operation. Don't panic. Just get to work.

* Ensuring compliance with local building codes and regulations.


Okay, so you're building something, right? Whether it's a whole new house, a garage, or just sprucing up the kitchen, there's a part of the process that can feel a bit...daunting. It's navigating inspections from the municipal authorities. And smack-dab in the center of all that is ensuring compliance with local building codes and regulations. Think of it like this: those codes aren't just some bureaucratic hoops to jump through. They're there to keep you, your family, and even future owners safe. They're the rules of the road for construction, making sure your structure is sound, your wiring won't spark a fire, and your plumbing won't flood the neighborhood.

Compliance isn't just about avoiding fines or delays (though those are definitely good reasons!). It's about peace of mind. Knowing you've built something that meets the required standards, something that's safe and durable, is a huge weight off your shoulders. It's about doing things right, not just doing them fast or cheap.

Now, figuring out those codes can be tricky. They can be dense and full of jargon. That's where good research (or better yet, working with experienced professionals) comes in. Understanding the specific requirements for your project, getting the necessary permits, and building according to the approved plans are all crucial steps. It might seem like extra work upfront, but it's way less stressful than dealing with violations and rework later on. So, take the time, do your homework, and ensure compliance. It's an investment in the safety, longevity, and overall success of your project.



 

Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment.
Precast concrete retaining wall
A typical cross-section of a slope used in two-dimensional analyzes.

Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other related sciences.

Geotechnical engineering has applications in military engineering, mining engineering, petroleum engineering, coastal engineering, and offshore construction. The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology have overlapping knowledge areas. However, while geotechnical engineering is a specialty of civil engineering, engineering geology is a specialty of geology.

History

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Humans have historically used soil as a material for flood control, irrigation purposes, burial sites, building foundations, and construction materials for buildings. Dykes, dams, and canals dating back to at least 2000 BCE—found in parts of ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, and the early settlements of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus valley—provide evidence for early activities linked to irrigation and flood control. As cities expanded, structures were erected and supported by formalized foundations. The ancient Greeks notably constructed pad footings and strip-and-raft foundations. Until the 18th century, however, no theoretical basis for soil design had been developed, and the discipline was more of an art than a science, relying on experience.[1]

Several foundation-related engineering problems, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, prompted scientists to begin taking a more scientific-based approach to examining the subsurface. The earliest advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls. Henri Gautier, a French royal engineer, recognized the "natural slope" of different soils in 1717, an idea later known as the soil's angle of repose. Around the same time, a rudimentary soil classification system was also developed based on a material's unit weight, which is no longer considered a good indication of soil type.[1][2]

The application of the principles of mechanics to soils was documented as early as 1773 when Charles Coulomb, a physicist and engineer, developed improved methods to determine the earth pressures against military ramparts. Coulomb observed that, at failure, a distinct slip plane would form behind a sliding retaining wall and suggested that the maximum shear stress on the slip plane, for design purposes, was the sum of the soil cohesion, , and friction , where is the normal stress on the slip plane and is the friction angle of the soil. By combining Coulomb's theory with Christian Otto Mohr's 2D stress state, the theory became known as Mohr-Coulomb theory. Although it is now recognized that precise determination of cohesion is impossible because is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still used in practice today.[3]

In the 19th century, Henry Darcy developed what is now known as Darcy's Law, describing the flow of fluids in a porous media. Joseph Boussinesq, a mathematician and physicist, developed theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for estimating stresses at depth in the ground. William Rankine, an engineer and physicist, developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth pressure theory. Albert Atterberg developed the clay consistency indices that are still used today for soil classification.[1][2] In 1885, Osborne Reynolds recognized that shearing causes volumetric dilation of dense materials and contraction of loose granular materials.

Modern geotechnical engineering is said to have begun in 1925 with the publication of Erdbaumechanik by Karl von Terzaghi, a mechanical engineer and geologist. Considered by many to be the father of modern soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Terzaghi developed the principle of effective stress, and demonstrated that the shear strength of soil is controlled by effective stress.[4] Terzaghi also developed the framework for theories of bearing capacity of foundations, and the theory for prediction of the rate of settlement of clay layers due to consolidation.[1][3][5] Afterwards, Maurice Biot fully developed the three-dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending the one-dimensional model previously developed by Terzaghi to more general hypotheses and introducing the set of basic equations of Poroelasticity.

In his 1948 book, Donald Taylor recognized that the interlocking and dilation of densely packed particles contributed to the peak strength of the soil. Roscoe, Schofield, and Wroth, with the publication of On the Yielding of Soils in 1958, established the interrelationships between the volume change behavior (dilation, contraction, and consolidation) and shearing behavior with the theory of plasticity using critical state soil mechanics. Critical state soil mechanics is the basis for many contemporary advanced constitutive models describing the behavior of soil.[6]

In 1960, Alec Skempton carried out an extensive review of the available formulations and experimental data in the literature about the effective stress validity in soil, concrete, and rock in order to reject some of these expressions, as well as clarify what expressions were appropriate according to several working hypotheses, such as stress-strain or strength behavior, saturated or non-saturated media, and rock, concrete or soil behavior.

Roles

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Geotechnical investigation

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Geotechnical engineers investigate and determine the properties of subsurface conditions and materials. They also design corresponding earthworks and retaining structures, tunnels, and structure foundations, and may supervise and evaluate sites, which may further involve site monitoring as well as the risk assessment and mitigation of natural hazards.[7][8]

Geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists perform geotechnical investigations to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock underlying and adjacent to a site to design earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for the repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. Geotechnical investigations involve surface and subsurface exploration of a site, often including subsurface sampling and laboratory testing of retrieved soil samples. Sometimes, geophysical methods are also used to obtain data, which include measurement of seismic waves (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves), surface-wave methods and downhole methods, and electromagnetic surveys (magnetometer, resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar). Electrical tomography can be used to survey soil and rock properties and existing underground infrastructure in construction projects.[9]

Surface exploration can include on-foot surveys, geologic mapping, geophysical methods, and photogrammetry. Geologic mapping and interpretation of geomorphology are typically completed in consultation with a geologist or engineering geologist. Subsurface exploration usually involves in-situ testing (for example, the standard penetration test and cone penetration test). The digging of test pits and trenching (particularly for locating faults and slide planes) may also be used to learn about soil conditions at depth. Large-diameter borings are rarely used due to safety concerns and expense. Still, they are sometimes used to allow a geologist or engineer to be lowered into the borehole for direct visual and manual examination of the soil and rock stratigraphy.

Various soil samplers exist to meet the needs of different engineering projects. The standard penetration test, which uses a thick-walled split spoon sampler, is the most common way to collect disturbed samples. Piston samplers, employing a thin-walled tube, are most commonly used to collect less disturbed samples. More advanced methods, such as the Sherbrooke block sampler, are superior but expensive. Coring frozen ground provides high-quality undisturbed samples from ground conditions, such as fill, sand, moraine, and rock fracture zones.[10]

Geotechnical centrifuge modeling is another method of testing physical-scale models of geotechnical problems. The use of a centrifuge enhances the similarity of the scale model tests involving soil because soil's strength and stiffness are susceptible to the confining pressure. The centrifugal acceleration allows a researcher to obtain large (prototype-scale) stresses in small physical models.

Foundation design

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The foundation of a structure's infrastructure transmits loads from the structure to the earth. Geotechnical engineers design foundations based on the load characteristics of the structure and the properties of the soils and bedrock at the site. Generally, geotechnical engineers first estimate the magnitude and location of loads to be supported before developing an investigation plan to explore the subsurface and determine the necessary soil parameters through field and lab testing. Following this, they may begin the design of an engineering foundation. The primary considerations for a geotechnical engineer in foundation design are bearing capacity, settlement, and ground movement beneath the foundations.[11]

Earthworks

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A compactor/roller operated by U.S. Navy Seabees

Geotechnical engineers are also involved in the planning and execution of earthworks, which include ground improvement,[11] slope stabilization, and slope stability analysis.

Ground improvement

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Various geotechnical engineering methods can be used for ground improvement, including reinforcement geosynthetics such as geocells and geogrids, which disperse loads over a larger area, increasing the soil's load-bearing capacity. Through these methods, geotechnical engineers can reduce direct and long-term costs.[12]

Slope stabilization

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Simple slope slip section.

Geotechnical engineers can analyze and improve slope stability using engineering methods. Slope stability is determined by the balance of shear stress and shear strength. A previously stable slope may be initially affected by various factors, making it unstable. Nonetheless, geotechnical engineers can design and implement engineered slopes to increase stability.

Slope stability analysis
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Stability analysis is needed to design engineered slopes and estimate the risk of slope failure in natural or designed slopes by determining the conditions under which the topmost mass of soil will slip relative to the base of soil and lead to slope failure.[13] If the interface between the mass and the base of a slope has a complex geometry, slope stability analysis is difficult and numerical solution methods are required. Typically, the interface's exact geometry is unknown, and a simplified interface geometry is assumed. Finite slopes require three-dimensional models to be analyzed, so most slopes are analyzed assuming that they are infinitely wide and can be represented by two-dimensional models.

Sub-disciplines

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Geosynthetics

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A collage of geosynthetic products.

Geosynthetics are a type of plastic polymer products used in geotechnical engineering that improve engineering performance while reducing costs. This includes geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes, geocells, and geocomposites. The synthetic nature of the products make them suitable for use in the ground where high levels of durability are required. Their main functions include drainage, filtration, reinforcement, separation, and containment.

Geosynthetics are available in a wide range of forms and materials, each to suit a slightly different end-use, although they are frequently used together. Some reinforcement geosynthetics, such as geogrids and more recently, cellular confinement systems, have shown to improve bearing capacity, modulus factors and soil stiffness and strength.[14] These products have a wide range of applications and are currently used in many civil and geotechnical engineering applications including roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, piled embankments, retaining structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, landfills, bank protection and coastal engineering.[15]

Offshore

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Platforms offshore Mexico.

Offshore (or marine) geotechnical engineering is concerned with foundation design for human-made structures in the sea, away from the coastline (in opposition to onshore or nearshore engineering). Oil platforms, artificial islands and submarine pipelines are examples of such structures.[16]

There are a number of significant differences between onshore and offshore geotechnical engineering.[16][17] Notably, site investigation and ground improvement on the seabed are more expensive; the offshore structures are exposed to a wider range of geohazards; and the environmental and financial consequences are higher in case of failure. Offshore structures are exposed to various environmental loads, notably wind, waves and currents. These phenomena may affect the integrity or the serviceability of the structure and its foundation during its operational lifespan and need to be taken into account in offshore design.

In subsea geotechnical engineering, seabed materials are considered a two-phase material composed of rock or mineral particles and water.[18][19] Structures may be fixed in place in the seabed—as is the case for piers, jetties and fixed-bottom wind turbines—or may comprise a floating structure that remains roughly fixed relative to its geotechnical anchor point. Undersea mooring of human-engineered floating structures include a large number of offshore oil and gas platforms and, since 2008, a few floating wind turbines. Two common types of engineered design for anchoring floating structures include tension-leg and catenary loose mooring systems.[20]

Observational method

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First proposed by Karl Terzaghi and later discussed in a paper by Ralph B. Peck, the observational method is a managed process of construction control, monitoring, and review, which enables modifications to be incorporated during and after construction. The method aims to achieve a greater overall economy without compromising safety by creating designs based on the most probable conditions rather than the most unfavorable.[21] Using the observational method, gaps in available information are filled by measurements and investigation, which aid in assessing the behavior of the structure during construction, which in turn can be modified per the findings. The method was described by Peck as "learn-as-you-go".[22]

The observational method may be described as follows:[22]

  1. General exploration sufficient to establish the rough nature, pattern, and properties of deposits.
  2. Assessment of the most probable conditions and the most unfavorable conceivable deviations.
  3. Creating the design based on a working hypothesis of behavior anticipated under the most probable conditions.
  4. Selection of quantities to be observed as construction proceeds and calculating their anticipated values based on the working hypothesis under the most unfavorable conditions.
  5. Selection, in advance, of a course of action or design modification for every foreseeable significant deviation of the observational findings from those predicted.
  6. Measurement of quantities and evaluation of actual conditions.
  7. Design modification per actual conditions

The observational method is suitable for construction that has already begun when an unexpected development occurs or when a failure or accident looms or has already happened. It is unsuitable for projects whose design cannot be altered during construction.[22]

See also

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  • Civil engineering
  • Deep Foundations Institute
  • Earthquake engineering
  • Earth structure
  • Effective stress
  • Engineering geology
  • Geological Engineering
  • Geoprofessions
  • Hydrogeology
  • International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
  • Karl von Terzaghi
  • Land reclamation
  • Landfill
  • Mechanically stabilized earth
  • Offshore geotechnical engineering
  • Rock mass classifications
  • Sediment control
  • Seismology
  • Soil mechanics
  • Soil physics
  • Soil science

 

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Das, Braja (2006). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. Thomson Learning.
  2. ^ a b Budhu, Muni (2007). Soil Mechanics and Foundations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-43117-6.
  3. ^ a b Disturbed soil properties and geotechnical design, Schofield, Andrew N., Thomas Telford, 2006. ISBN 0-7277-2982-9
  4. ^ Guerriero V., Mazzoli S. (2021). "Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review". Geosciences. 11 (3): 119. Bibcode:2021Geosc..11..119G. doi:10.3390/geosciences11030119.
  5. ^ Soil Mechanics, Lambe, T.William and Whitman, Robert V., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, John Wiley & Sons., 1969. ISBN 0-471-51192-7
  6. ^ Soil Behavior and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Wood, David Muir, Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-33782-8
  7. ^ Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B. and Mesri, G. (1996), Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-08658-4
  8. ^ Holtz, R. and Kovacs, W. (1981), An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-484394-0
  9. ^ Deep Scan Tech (2023): Deep Scan Tech uncovers hidden structures at the site of Denmark's tallest building.
  10. ^ "Geofrost Coring". GEOFROST. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  11. ^ a b Han, Jie (2015). Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement. Wiley. ISBN 9781118421307.
  12. ^ RAJU, V. R. (2010). Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories. Singapore: Research Publishing Services. p. 809. ISBN 978-981-08-3124-0. Ground Improvement – Principles And Applications In Asia.
  13. ^ Pariseau, William G. (2011). Design analysis in rock mechanics. CRC Press.
  14. ^ Hegde, A.M. and Palsule P.S. (2020), Performance of Geosynthetics Reinforced Subgrade Subjected to Repeated Vehicle Loads: Experimental and Numerical Studies. Front. Built Environ. 6:15. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00015/full.
  15. ^ Koerner, Robert M. (2012). Designing with Geosynthetics (6th Edition, Vol. 1 ed.). Xlibris. ISBN 9781462882892.
  16. ^ a b Dean, E.T.R. (2010). Offshore Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practice. Thomas Telford, Reston, VA, 520 p.
  17. ^ Randolph, M. and Gourvenec, S., 2011. Offshore geotechnical engineering. Spon Press, N.Y., 550 p.
  18. ^ Das, B.M., 2010. Principles of geotechnical engineering. Cengage Learning, Stamford, 666 p.
  19. ^ Atkinson, J., 2007. The mechanics of soils and foundations. Taylor & Francis, N.Y., 442 p.
  20. ^ Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Responses in a Sea state – Pareto Optimal Designs and Economic Assessment, P. Sclavounos et al., October 2007.
  21. ^ Nicholson, D, Tse, C and Penny, C. (1999). The Observational Method in ground engineering – principles and applications. Report 185, CIRIA, London.
  22. ^ a b c Peck, R.B (1969). Advantages and limitations of the observational method in applied soil mechanics, Geotechnique, 19, No. 1, pp. 171-187.

References

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  • Bates and Jackson, 1980, Glossary of Geology: American Geological Institute.
  • Krynine and Judd, 1957, Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics: McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Ventura, Pierfranco, 2019, Fondazioni, Volume 1, Modellazioni statiche e sismiche, Hoepli, Milano
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  • Worldwide Geotechnical Literature Database

 

Foundation(s) or The Foundation(s) may refer to:

Common uses

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  • Foundation (cosmetics), a skin-coloured makeup cream applied to the face
  • Foundation (engineering), the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground
  • Foundation (evidence), a legal term
  • Foundation (nonprofit), a type of charitable organization
    • Foundation (United States law), a type of charitable organization in the U.S.
    • Private foundation, a charitable organization that might not qualify as a public charity by government standards

Arts, entertainment, and media

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Film and TV

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  • The Foundation, a film about 1960s-1970s Aboriginal history in Sydney, featuring Gary Foley
  • The Foundation (1984 TV series), a Hong Kong series
  • The Foundation (Canadian TV series), a 2009–2010 Canadian sitcom
  • "The Foundation" (Seinfeld), an episode
  • Foundation (TV series), an Apple TV+ series adapted from Isaac Asimov's novels

Games

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  • Foundation (video game), a city-building game (2025)
  • Foundation, an Amiga video game
  • The Foundation, a character in 2017 game Fortnite Battle Royale

Literature

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  • Foundation (book series), a series of science fiction books by Isaac Asimov
    • Foundation (Asimov novel), the first book in Asimov's series, published in 1951
  • Foundation (b-boy book), by Joseph G. Schloss
  • Foundation (Lackey novel), a 2008 fantasy novel by Mercedes Lackey

Music

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  • The Foundations, a British soul group
  • Foundations (EP), by Serj Tankian

Albums

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  • Foundation (Brand Nubian album)
  • Foundation (Breakage album)
  • Foundation (Doc Watson album)
  • Foundation (Magnum album)
  • Foundation (M.O.P. album)
  • Foundation, a 1997 compilation album by Die Krupps
  • The Foundation (Geto Boys album)
  • The Foundation (Pep Love album), 2005
  • The Foundation (Zac Brown Band album)
  • The Foundations (album), by 4 Corners

Songs

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  • "Foundation", a 1983 song by Spandau Ballet from the album True
  • "Foundation", a 1998 song by Brand Nubian from the eponymous album Foundation
  • "Foundation", a 2009 song by M.O.P. from the eponymous album Foundation
  • "Foundation", a 2010 song by Breakage from the eponymous album Foundation
  • "Foundation", a 2015 song by Years & Years from Communion
  • "Foundations" (song), by Kate Nash
  • "The Foundation" (song), by Xzibit

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

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  • Foundation – The International Review of Science Fiction, a literary journal
  • The Foundation Trilogy (BBC Radio), a radio adaption of Asimov's series
  • The SCP Foundation, a fictional organization that is often referred to in-universe as "The Foundation"

Education

[edit]
  • Foundation degree, a British academic qualification
  • Foundation school, a type of school in England and Wales
  • Foundation Stage, a stage of education for children aged 3 to 5 in England
  • University Foundation Programme, a British university entrance course

Science and technology

[edit]
  • Foundation (framework), a free collection of tools for creating websites and web applications by ZURB
  • Foundation Fieldbus, a communications system
  • Foundation Kit, an Apple API

Companies

[edit]
  • Foundation Medicine, a genomic profiling company

See also

[edit]
  • All pages with titles beginning with Foundation
  • All pages with titles beginning with The Foundation
  • Foundations of mathematics, theory of mathematics
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Reviews for


Jeffery James

(5)

Very happy with my experience. They were prompt and followed through, and very helpful in fixing the crack in my foundation.

Sarah McNeily

(5)

USS was excellent. They are honest, straightforward, trustworthy, and conscientious. They thoughtfully removed the flowers and flower bulbs to dig where they needed in the yard, replanted said flowers and spread the extra dirt to fill in an area of the yard. We've had other services from different companies and our yard was really a mess after. They kept the job site meticulously clean. The crew was on time and friendly. I'd recommend them any day! Thanks to Jessie and crew.

Jim de Leon

(5)

It was a pleasure to work with Rick and his crew. From the beginning, Rick listened to my concerns and what I wished to accomplish. Out of the 6 contractors that quoted the project, Rick seemed the MOST willing to accommodate my wishes. His pricing was definitely more than fair as well. I had 10 push piers installed to stabilize and lift an addition of my house. The project commenced at the date that Rick had disclosed initially and it was completed within the same time period expected (based on Rick's original assessment). The crew was well informed, courteous, and hard working. They were not loud (even while equipment was being utilized) and were well spoken. My neighbors were very impressed on how polite they were when they entered / exited my property (saying hello or good morning each day when they crossed paths). You can tell they care about the customer concerns. They ensured that the property would be put back as clean as possible by placing MANY sheets of plywood down prior to excavating. They compacted the dirt back in the holes extremely well to avoid large stock piles of soils. All the while, the main office was calling me to discuss updates and expectations of completion. They provided waivers of lien, certificates of insurance, properly acquired permits, and JULIE locates. From a construction background, I can tell you that I did not see any flaws in the way they operated and this an extremely professional company. The pictures attached show the push piers added to the foundation (pictures 1, 2 & 3), the amount of excavation (picture 4), and the restoration after dirt was placed back in the pits and compacted (pictures 5, 6 & 7). Please notice that they also sealed two large cracks and steel plated these cracks from expanding further (which you can see under my sliding glass door). I, as well as my wife, are extremely happy that we chose United Structural Systems for our contractor. I would happily tell any of my friends and family to use this contractor should the opportunity arise!

Chris Abplanalp

(5)

USS did an amazing job on my underpinning on my house, they were also very courteous to the proximity of my property line next to my neighbor. They kept things in order with all the dirt/mud they had to excavate. They were done exactly in the timeframe they indicated, and the contract was very details oriented with drawings of what would be done. Only thing that would have been nice, is they left my concrete a little muddy with boot prints but again, all-in-all a great job

Dave Kari

(5)

What a fantastic experience! Owner Rick Thomas is a trustworthy professional. Nick and the crew are hard working, knowledgeable and experienced. I interviewed every company in the area, big and small. A homeowner never wants to hear that they have foundation issues. Out of every company, I trusted USS the most, and it paid off in the end. Highly recommend.

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